harlan county war
A giant step for miners.Harlan County War tells the true story of 180 families fed up with surviving on $1.89 per hour, with no health and disability benefits. I have taken several classes in Journalism as well as in the Appalachian History, Literature, and Sociology during my time at those schools. Your Ticket Confirmation # is located under the header in your email that reads "Your Ticket Reservation Details". Based on this new Act, from October 27, 1933, to March 31, 1935, the mines ran as open shops. [2] It is classified as a moist county a county in which alcohol sales are prohibited (a dry county ), but containing a "wet" city, in this case Cumberland, where package alcohol sales are allowed. However, they did make a greater effort than the United Mine Workers with relief as they opened soup kitchens around the county. . Only to be escorted to the county line and told not to return. On July 7, a group of deputies, enraged at a public celebration of the Wagner act, dispersed the crowd by beating several miners. [citation needed] On February 16, 1931, in order to prevent operating at a loss, the Harlan County Coal Operators' Association cut miners' wages by 10%. Songwriter Florence Reece reported, Sheriff J. H. Blair and his men came to our house in search of Sam that's my husband he was one of the union leaders. You have to be on one side or the other. However, after the dust was clear, the anti-labor coal country would end up being represented by unions. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Their foothold there ultimately ended because the local clergy who were the labor organizers found out that the union was communist in nature and held animosity toward religion. Here at Kentucky Tennessee Living we fully support the coal miners and their families. Union members were beaten, their families terrorized. Cal Winslow takes a look back. The miners lay in ambush for cars delivering materials to strikebreakers and shot at them. ~~ David Sergent. No concessions were given by the mine operators and UMW membership plummeted. The strikers won, but only after 13 months and the murder of a young miner, Lawrence Jones, age 22. Director Tony Bill Writer Peter Silverman Stars Holly Hunter Stellan Skarsgrd Copyright Fandango. The miners and the coal owners were still having disputes. There were only three cars in the motorcade each of which contained a sheriffs deputy. For every 100 females there were 91.80 males. [10] The Kentucky National Guard was once again called in on December 8, 1934, requested by UMW organizers who had been threatened by bosses and deputies. Despite headway by the unions, the battle for Harlan county between labor and capital continued in earnest. I visited Harlan in 1974 with a contingent from the British miners union. Which side are you on? I have an Associates Degree from Hazard Community College and Technical School. Harlan County War 2000 Ruby Kincaid (Hunter) is the wife of striking Kentucky coal miner Silas (Levine). Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. [5][6] They operated under sheriff J.H. Principal cast [ edit] Holly Hunter as Ruby Kincaid Stellan Skarsgrd as Warren Jakopovich Ted Levine as Silas Kincaid Wayne Robson as Tug Jones Alex House as Buddy Kincaid Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. By continuing, you agree to the Privacy Policy and These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. California labor activist Caroline Decker first became involved in union activities during the Harlan County War, when she and her sister participated in relief activities for striking miners. They were convicted on charges of conspiracy to murder. Wages at these mines came into step with the rest of the nation. Three company men and one striker were killed in the exchange of gunfire. The song Which Side Are You On? became the anthem of a reborn United Mine Workers (UMWA) union in the 1930s, then an anthem for all workersa reflection of working-class consciousness in the turbulent New Deal years. The Harlan County War, or Bloody Harlan, was a series of coal industry skirmishes, executions, bombings and strikes (both attempted and realized) that took place in Harlan County, Kentucky, during the 1930s. From July 30, 2019, through September 28, 2019, coal miners and their families have blocked roads and railways demanding their payment. Strangers were kidnapped, then lucky if they were just taken to the county line. The most memorable of those are 1964, 1966, 1969 (The West Virginia Black Lung strike that the miners won) 1971, and the 1974 Strikes. $19.98 . Wanted to be able to spend their money at a store of their choice besides the Black Mountain Coal Company store. Get the freshest reviews, news, and more delivered right to your inbox! [15] The 1976 documentary film Harlan County, USA, winner of the 1977 Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature, focuses on similar labor violence of the 1970s but refers to the 1930s violence as context. Harlan County, Kentucky, is a rural county located in a major coal-mining region in the Appalachian Mountains. Please click the link below to receive your verification email. The incidents involved coal miners and union organizers on one side and coal firms and law enforcement officials on the other. The Dreiser Committee also discovered the labor folk singer Aunt Molly Jackson and her younger half-brother Jim Garland, putting them on a tour of 38 states to raise funds for the strikers. Just below that it reads "Ticket Confirmation#:" followed by a 10-digit number. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Special to The New York Times. Honest account of "class warfare" in Bloody Harlan Co. New York Times; January 2, 1932; pg. In June of 1973, workers at the Brookside coal mine in Harlan County, Kentucky voted 113-55 to replace their membership in the Southern Labor Union (SLU) and join the United Mine Workers of America (UMWA) union. The Harlan County War, or Bloody Harlan, was a series of coal mining-related skirmishes, executions, bombings, and strikes (both attempted and realized) that took place in Harlan County, Kentucky during the 1930s. The question is back: Which Side Are You On?. Wages are poor and safety conditions are even worse, and, when union organizer Warren Jacopovich (Stellan Skarsgard) shows up, he's gradually able to convince the miners to strike. MINE TRIAL WITNESS TELLS OF WHIPPING: He Asserts Union Men Applied ..; New York Times; December 1, 1931; HARLAN MAN LASHED UNTIL HE COLLAPSED: Witness at Jones Trial Says New York Times (1923-Current file); November 27, 1931; pg. [4]:46 The strikebreakers were protected by private mine guards with full county deputy privileges, who were legally able to exercise their powers with impunity outside the walls of their employers. Eleven deaths were directly linked to those conflicts, during which the National Guard was called in twice. "[22][23] He protected the miners despite the fact that a car bomb had killed Harlan County Attorney Elmon Middleton several weeks prior. STRIFE IN KENTUCKY IS LIKENED TO WAR: Investigator Who Was Jailed New York Times. If you wasn't a gun thug, you was a union man. Just confirm how you got your ticket. [1] Several of the songs on this intense collection were featured in Barbara Kopple's powerful 1976 documentary Harlan County, USA which followed a 13-month United Mine Workers' strike in Harlan County, KY in 1973. [21] 1935 proved to be a turbulent year, even for Harlan; troops were deployed to maintain order in the county three times. (Florence Reece appears in the film.) It began after the mine operators cut wages of miners. Just leave us a message here and we will work on getting you verified. Military Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. When drafting these articles, I found that many things have not been taught to the future generations about the struggles for coal miner rights have been in the Appalachian Mountains. Nearly everyone in Harlan County, Ky., works in the coal mines for Brookside Mining. [1] It does not store any personal data. 13, Which Side Are You On? Harlan County War [New DVD] $10.13 . If those under them behave in an approved manner then they receive housing, work, food, and other perks of their position. Tec4 US Army World War II. Mabel-Canton, Minn. 57, Postville 47. The decision caused unrest in the county among the miners. You had to be.[5]. On September 9, 1935, for the first time since the beginning of the war, troops were dispatched to Harlan County on behalf of the miners by the Governor of the State of Kentucky. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. A couple of moments, actually. The film, which stars Holly Hunter, Kaminski's wife, is a fictional drama about a coal miner's wife who spearheads a year-long labor strike, and is set against the historical background of the 1970's Harlan County coal strike. . CEO Don Blankenship was convicted of willfully violating safety standards and spent a year in prison. Florence Reece wrote the song. Sheriff T. R. Middleton replaced Blair under the pro-union campaign platform. Boyle had Yablonski murdered. 130-131, TROOPS WATCH AS HARLAN VOTES: Turbulent County Ballots Heavily but New York Times; September 8, 1935; pg. Battle of Evartshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Evarts, National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/new-deal/national-industrial-recovery-act-of-1933/, Battle of Evartshttps://pipiwiki.com/wiki/Battle_of_Evarts, Battle of Evartshttps://wiki2.org/en/Battle_of_Evarts, Harlan County Warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlan_County_War, A Brief History of Harlan County, USAhttps://labornotes.org/blogs/2019/08/brief-history-harlan-county-usa, Harlan County Warhttps://everipedia.org/Harlan_County_War, https://appalachiancenter.as.uky.edu/coal-strike/background-coal-strike, https://appalachiancenter.as.uky.edu/coal-strike/local-elite, https://appalachiancenter.as.uky.edu/coal-strike/new-york-writers, https://appalachiancenter.as.uky.edu/coal-strike/national-miners-union-and-other-radical-groups, The Wagner Act of 1935 (National Labor Relations Act)https://www.thebalancecareers.com/the-wagner-act-of-1935-national-labor-relations-act-2060509#:~:text=%20The%20Wagner%20Act%20defines%20and%20prohibits%20five,or%20administration%20of%20a%20labor%20organization.%20More%20, BOMB IN AUTO KILLS KENTUCKY OFFICIAL; Harlan County Attorney Predicted Assassination for Backing Troops in Election.https://www.nytimes.com/1935/09/05/archives/bomb-in-auto-kills-kentucky-official-harlan-county-attorney.html#:~:text=HARLAN%2C%20Ky.%2C%20Sept.%204%20%28AP%29.%20%20The%20death,his%20automobile.%20View%20Full%20Article%20in%20Timesmachine%20%C2%BB, Elmon Clay Middleton https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/70804679/elmon-clay-middleton, KENTUCKY HOLDS FOUR IN AUTO BOMB KILLING; Harlan Prosecutors Death Is Laid to His Fight Against Slot Machines.https://www.nytimes.com/1935/09/06/archives/kentucky-holds-four-in-auto-bomb-killing-harlan-prosecutors-death.html, Blackjewel Bankruptcy Leaves Damaged Lands and Miners Compensation in Limbo, https://ohiovalleyresource.org/2021/03/22/blackjewel-bankruptcy-finalized/, This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/?fbclid=IwAR21nYphw4Dul-_EwuAmSWgzsvPLNwsMM0FtV75j0y-mGUHq-lCZjJxZot8, For more about us, you can visit our Facebook at:https://www.facebook.com/kytnliving, https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCs0oV5gFzIS2JdMJ3HvTOgA, When we forget our past and who we are as a people, then we become who they say we are. Spread the loveOn July 5th, 1939, heavy rains in Eastern Kentucky led to massive flooding, affecting 21 counties with the worst of the floods happening in Rowan and Breathitt counties. Terms and Policies The latest unrest in Harlan County came when in July of 2019, Black jewel LLC filed for bankruptcy and liquidation. The union staff, now led by a Montana official, Tony Boyle, encamped in the union offices and rarely ventured into Appalachia, where the depression of the 30s seemed never to have ended. This is open to all ages, and yes, we'd love to see you bring your grown princess just the same as those little ones! 6, Which Side Are You On? Capitalizing on the general unrest created within Harlan's already-impoverished labor force, the United Mine Workers of America (UMW) attempted to organize the county's miners. Attempts to organize led to the dismissal of employees who were suspected of having leanings toward the organization and having them evicted from their family homes. [4]:81123, Where the NIRA had been toothless in Harlan, the Wagner Act of 1935 proved itself a far greater thorn in the side of Harlan County's mine operators. Free shipping . Barbara Kopple's 1976 documentary "Harlan County USA" directly inspired this Showtime film depicting a Kentucky coal-miner's wife who gets involved in a strike that turns violent. Miners also wanted the right to organize and have a union. I was born in Florida and grew up in Burdine, Kentucky. The Brookside strike is vividly recounted in Barbara Kopples masterpiece, the documentary Harlan County, USA.. Coal and conflict: The UMWA in Harlan County, 1931-1939. "Soldiers of the Great War" Fallen Kentucky Soldiers in WWI Harlan County ~ Adair ~ Allen ~ Anderson ~ Ballard ~ Barren ~ Bath ~ Bell ~ Boone ~ Bourbon ~ Boyd ~ ~ Boyle ~ Bracken ~ Breathitt ~ Breckinridge ~ Bullitt ~ Butler ~ Caldwell ~ Calloway ~ Campbell ~ Carlisle ~ . Harlan County USA is a 1976 documentary film directed by Barbara Kopple that chronicles a coal miners' strike in Harlan County, Kentucky. Harlan County War Barbara Kopple's 1976 documentary "Harlan County USA" directly inspired this Showtime film depicting a Kentucky coal-miner's wife who gets involved in a strike that turns violent. The question at hand: the rights of Harlan County . The mine owners have as little regard as ever for the lives of miners and their families. [1] The Harlan County coal miners campaigned and fought to organize their workplaces and better their wages and working conditions. With the opening left by the United Mine Workers union the openly Communist (NMU) National Miners Union tried to help the miners to organize. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. The Harlan County Coal Miners, 193139 by John W. Hevener p. 128, Which Side Are You On? George Harlan Bleecker. First of all, they were tired of the way the media portrayed thema familiar feeling today, but even worse back then. http://dig.ccmixter.org/files/JeffSpeed68/56171 Ft: Aussens@iter (tobias_weber), Gerd Kohlmeier, Audio Podcast WordPress Theme By VWThemes, The Harlan County Coal War (Podcast Episode), The Hatfields and the McCoys: After the Feud, http://dig.ccmixter.org/files/ramblinglibrarian/41284. Harlan County War TV Movie 2000 1 h 44 m IMDb RATING 6.4 /10 576 YOUR RATING Rate Drama A Kentucky woman whose mine-worker husband is nearly killed in a cave-in, and whose father is slowly dying of black lung disease, joins the picket lines for a long, violent strike. The radical ideology of the union began gaining some ground in the mountains. The average lifespan of a Harlan County resident has actually gotten shorter between the 1980s and now, and they live on average ten years less than the average American. In a very racy Instagram post promoting her new worldwide tour - which will see the pop sensation celebrate four decades of her greatest hits - Madonna turned to Amy to ask her the X-rated question. We hope that you have enjoyed our stop in Bloody Harlan and the history of the longest and still ongoing coal struggles of the United States. There were only nine hundred miners working and 5,800 miners were idle and striking during the first strike. Nearly everyone in Harlan County, Ky., works in the coal mines for Brookside Mining. Mostly, the miners were fighting for improved working conditions, higher wages, and better housing options for their families. Managers pleaded guilty to impeding the Mine Safety and Health Administrations enforcement efforts. The Stories podcast uses the following music as its opening and closing themes: I Have Often Told You Stories (guitar instrumental) by Ivan Chew (c) copyright 2013 Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (3.0) license. The coal mine war in Harlan County, Kentucky, 1931-32. Coming Soon, Regal Holly Hunter is nothing less than magnificent, as is the entire cast superbly directed by Tony Bill. Although these miners today have no union, the mines of Harlan County have a storied history of grassroots labor militancy. By then a powerful UMWA represented 400,000 working miners, promising safety at work and an escape from the poverty that had consumed generation after generation. The SLU was largely seen as serving the interests of the mine owners rather than the workers. Currently you are able to watch "Harlan County War" streaming on Amazon Prime Video. I was home alone with our seven children. They ransacked the whole house and then kept watch outside, waiting to shoot Sam down when he came back. The Kentucky mining camps still had the paternalism idea in their mists and the ever-independent Appalachian people were not having it. The United Mine Workers union also cited that they did not have the resources to help in the battle. Editor. [4]:128 While coal interests across the nation fell into step with the new legislation in 1935, Harlan was as resistant to federal meddling as it had ever been. Only late in 1939 did intransigent Harlan coal masters reluctantly sign on with the union. A Committee was formed and conducted by Activist Theodore Dreiser under the auspices of the National Committee for the Defense of Political Prisoners (NCDPP). An open shop is where union membership is allowed but not mandated to work at that location. New York Times; May 12, 1934 pg. A road to change: Harlan County. http://dig.ccmixter.org/files/ramblinglibrarian/41284, 28 Aussens@iten by Stefan Kartenberg (c) copyright 2017 Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (3.0) license. Harlan County Courthouse 706 W. 2nd Street Alma, NE 68920 Phone: 308.928.2173 Harlan County Website . ' Harlan County War' premieres on the SHOWTIME cable network June 4. Before this war was over it is not known exactly how many miners, coal operators, deputies, and bosses would be killed. A 73-year-old Florence Reece attended and led a rousing, emotional rendition of Which Side Are You On?. The Harlan County War in the 1930s consisted of violent confrontations among strikers, strikebreakers, mine company security forces, and law enforcement. The strikebreakers were under the protection of private mine guards. Blair made it clear that he was on the side of the mine operators and the people of the county lost any illusion that the law enforcement would be impartial in this strike. The ones who love it love the depiction of rough and ready union brothers and sisters ready to wage war with the coal company thugs. On September 4, 1935, Harlan County Attorney Elmon Clay Middleton, age 31, was assassinated by a car bomb containing eighteen sticks of dynamite. Teton County, Montana, USA will be saved to your photo volunteer list. Three company men and one striker were killed in the exchange. The smaller but more passionate NMU made greater relief efforts than the UMW had, opening several soup kitchens throughout the county. Harlan 74, Kuemper Catholic, Carroll 56. [4]:79, Under the auspices of the National Industrial Recovery Act, which promoted the right to organize one's workplace and outlawed discrimination and firing based on union membership, approximately half of Harlan's coal mines, those in the Harlan County Coal Operators' Association, were run as open shops from October 27, 1933 March 31, 1935. New York Times (1923-Current file); October 3, 1931; pg. RootsWeb is funded and supported by . In your mind you're on one side or the other. The Harlan County Battalion was on active duty from 13 Oct 1862 to 13 Jan 1863 and detachments were on duty up to Feb 28th. Over one thousand shots were exchanged during those fifteen minutes. [This book complements the documentary DVD of the title "Harlan County: a road to change"-Cover] Youll either be a union man or a thug for J.H. Wide World Photo. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Paternalism is the practice of people who have a business or other authority to restrict the freedoms of those who are subordinate to them. Revolutionary War [edit | edit source] 1775 - 1783 United States Rosters of Revolutionary War Soldiers and Sailors, 1775-1783 at FamilySearch - How to Use this Collection; images only; Organizer Garfield Lewis wrote, The people have been so starved out that they are flocking into the Union by the thousands I organized 9 Locals Tuesday.. For a long-suffering community in Kentucky, the White House's claim that the war on poverty was won sounds like a cruel joke. 36 45.773 N, 83 11.3 W. Marker is in Cranks, Kentucky, in Harlan County. Cinemark email comments to [email protected] last edited . In response to the violence, the Kentucky National Guard was called upon and arrived for the first time in the county to try to stem the violence. Directors Tony Bill Starring Holly Hunter, Stellan Skarsgrd, Ted Levine Genres Drama Subtitles English [CC] But some refuse to . The authetic music of Appallachia aids considerably to this must-see film. Three Harlan County incorporated towns were not owned by the coal mines, they became a sanctuary for the evicted and starving miners. [1] The question at hand: the rights of Harlan County coal miners to organize their workplaces and better their wages and working conditions. There are still ongoing strikes today and the violence in Harlan County Continues. I'm one of them and I feel like I've got to be with them. 15, KENTUCKY TROOPS MOBILIZE IN HARLAN: Company Is Called Out as the Mine New York Times; December 9, 1934; pg. Blair. Advertisement. They won't be able to see your review if you only submit your rating. The Harlan County Coal Wars 1931-1939 (Complete video) Kentucky Tennessee Living 2.32K subscribers Subscribe 260 Share 9.1K views 1 year ago The Harlan County Coal Wars 1931-1939 We return. This 10-digit number is your confirmation number. Michael Knigge Harlan County, Kentucky. Harlan County War (2000) is a television film directed by Tony Bill and written by Peter Silverman. The United Mine Workers of America represented 400,000 miners at that point and promised miners safer work conditions and higher wages. California labor activist Caroline Decker also raised money for the relief of the striking miner efforts. The remaining workforce then went on strike as a sign of solidarity with those that were fired from their jobs. These guards were legally able to protect these men during their off duty time. The National Industrial Recovery Act only partially succeeded in accomplishing its stated goals when it was deemed unconstitutional by the Supreme Court on May 27, 1935, which was three weeks before the Act was set to expire. Reacting to the unrest created within Harlan's impoverished labor force, the United Mine Workers of America (UMW) attempted to organize the county's miners. Established by a gathering of business leaders in Chicago in 1921, the Plan outlined a "multifaceted economic system [that emphasized] free markets, individual contract, management control, nonregulation of business, and vigilance against 'unsound' or radical thought." Despite headway by the unions, the battle for Harlan County between labor and capital continued. On Friday, February 10th, we will be hosting our very first Daddy Daughter Dinner and Dance. : The Harlan County Coal Miners, 193139, by John W. Hevener p. 56-88, Strike Closes a Few Mines. The 2000 television movie Harlan County War starred Holly Hunter. The troops promptly escorted the union men to the county line. At the peak of the first strike, 5,800 miners were idle and only 900 working. Phone (308) 928-2173 (Clerk's Office) Hours. The Kentucky National Guard was called in. On May 24, 1931, Sheriff Blair rescinded the miners right to assemble and tear-gassed a union rally. Organizers were shot at, their homes gassed. Alas, catastrophe awaited, this time in the booming 50s. Horace H Bleecker . The incidents involved coal miners and union organizers on one side, and coal firms and law enforcement officials on the other. Released May 19th, 2000, 'Harlan County War' stars Holly Hunter, Stellan Skarsgrd, Ted Levine, Wayne Robson The PG-13 movie has a runtime of about 1 hr 44 min, and received a user score of 77 . Under this Act, the right to organize in ones workplace was granted as well as it outlawed any discrimination whether employed or seeking employment based on union membership. When the documentary Harlan County, USA came out in 1976, the people of Appalachia had been having a moment. The Harlan County War, or Bloody Harlan, was a series of coal mining-related skirmishes, executions, bombings, and strikes (both attempted and realized) that took place in Harlan County, Kentucky, during the 1930s. One of the Deputies was Jim Daniels. the Terms and Policies, and to receive email from Rotten Tomatoes. It is unclear who fired that shot but both sides claim that the other side did it. With this Supreme Court ruling, all but one of the open shops in Harlan County went back to the previous mine operations. With contributions by John dos Passos, Samuel Ornitz, and others, Dreiser produced a report called Harlan Miners Speak: Report on Terrorism in the Kentucky Coal Fields. An open shop allows union membership but does not mandate it. The rest of us (that includes me) hate the image of Harlan Countians as violent, uneducated hooligans. Your chance of being a victim of violent crime in Harlan is 1 in 573 and property crime is 1 in 48. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". "[7] The citizens of Harlan, for their part, lost any illusions they may have held about impartiality in law enforcement. By opting to have your ticket verified for this movie, you are allowing us to check the email address associated with your Rotten Tomatoes account against an email address associated with a Fandango ticket purchase for the same movie. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. On July 1, Blackjewel LLC abruptly shut down its six Harlan mines, filed bankruptcy, and sent the miners home without pay. 1. No help came to those that were in starving situations due to no money to spend on food and no admittance to the company store unless they were gainfully employed by the coal mine. There is a suit still in litigation. There were ten lodges that were chartered for the National Miners Union. In the throes of the Great Depression, Harlan County coal owners and operators, in an effort to expand national dependency on their fuel, chose to sell below cost. Lastminute.com currently has Malta and Cyprus holidays from 95 - including flights. The miners revival, led by the UMWA, came in the wake of Franklin Roosevelt's election in 1933 and in their belief that only their union might save them. They found sympathy there with spurned politicians and business owners who wished to see the company stores vanish.[4]. Cal Winslow is the author of Radical Seattle: The General Strike of 1919, forthcoming from Monthly Review Press. By clicking Accept, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. The image is an example of a ticket confirmation email that AMC sent you when you purchased your ticket. A Kentucky woman whose mine-worker husband is nearly killed in a cave-in, and whose father is slowly dying of black lung, joins the picket lines for a long, violent strike.
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